Rabbit Care Sheet

Overview

Rabbits are a common sight in the exotic and small animal pet trade in Canada, often mistaken as simple, low-maintenance pets. However, no animal is truly a beginner pet—rabbits have unique needs that require thoughtful, ongoing care. These intelligent, social animals thrive in spacious, well-ventilated enclosures or, ideally, free-roam setups in rabbit-proofed areas. They need daily enrichment, ample space to hop and stretch, and a diet rich in hay, fresh greens, and species-appropriate pellets. While rabbits can be affectionate and form strong bonds with their caregivers, they generally dislike being picked up and may become stressed or defensive if handled incorrectly. With time and gentle interaction, many become comfortable with human companionship and enjoy petting and interaction on their own terms. Rabbits are active, curious, and often playful, especially during dawn and dusk. When cared for properly, they can live 8–12 years or more, making them a long-term commitment with rewarding companionship.

Species averages:

Habitat Parameters

Housing recommendations

Rabbits need spacious, clean, and secure environments where they can hop, stretch, and explore. While cages can serve as resting areas, rabbits should never be confined 24/7. A minimum enclosure size of 8 square feet is required for a single rabbit, with at least 24 square feet of supervised free-roam space daily.

Use solid flooring with a soft, absorbent layer of hay or paper-based bedding. Avoid wire-bottom cages, which can cause foot sores. Provide hiding houses, ramps, tunnels, and cardboard enrichment for chewing. Always include a litter box with hay to encourage natural foraging and bathroom behaviors.

Rabbits are sensitive to heat. Keep their environment below 75°F and provide fans, ceramic tiles, or frozen water bottles for cooling during warmer months.

Feeding

Rabbits have highly sensitive digestive systems and must be fed a high-fiber, low-sugar diet to prevent gastrointestinal stasis and obesity. The majority of their diet should consist of unlimited grass hay, supplemented by leafy greens and small quantities of pellets.

Supplementation

Rabbits typically do not require supplementation if fed a proper diet. However, in elderly, sick, or recovering rabbits, supplements may be used under veterinary guidance.

Special considerations

Handling

Rabbits are prey animals and may resist handling, especially if not properly socialized. Always support both the chest and hindquarters securely—never pick up a rabbit by the ears or scruff. Sudden movement or improper handling can cause panic and spinal injury.

Litter training

Most rabbits can be easily litter trained by placing hay in or near the litter box. Use paper-based litter and avoid clumping cat litters, which are unsafe if ingested.

Spay/neuter

Spaying and neutering is strongly recommended to prevent uterine cancer (females), reduce territorial aggression, and support successful bonding.

Bonding and companionship

Rabbits are social animals and are happiest in bonded pairs. Always introduce rabbits gradually in a neutral space and monitor for aggression. Never house unaltered males and females together.

Common Health Concerns in Rabbits

Below are some of the most common medical issues seen in pet rabbits. Early recognition and prompt care are critical due to their subtle signs of illness.

Gastrointestinal Stasis (GI Stasis)

Signs: Reduced appetite, small or no droppings, lethargy

Causes: Low-fiber diet, stress, dehydration, dental pain

Dental Disease

Signs: Drooling, eye discharge, reluctance to eat

Causes: Malocclusion, lack of hay, genetic factors

Uterine Cancer

Signs: Vaginal discharge, abdominal swelling, behavior changes

Causes: Unspayed females (affects up to 80% by age 4)

Ear Mites or Mites (Cheyletiella)

Signs: Head shaking, crusty ears, dandruff, itching

Causes: Parasitic infestation, poor hygiene

Respiratory Infection (Snuffles)

Signs: Sneezing, nasal discharge, labored breathing

Causes: Bacterial infection (Pasteurella), dusty bedding, stress

These are all concerns we can help with via telemedicine. If you suspect your rabbit may be showing any of the signs above, book an appointment at swiftailvet.com for exotic pet care from the comfort of your home.

Disclaimer

At Swiftail Vet, we strive to provide accurate, up-to-date information based on current best practices in exotic pet care. However, husbandry standards can evolve quickly. If you notice any outdated or incorrect information on this care sheet, please let us know by emailing info@swiftailvet.com or using the contact form on our website at swiftailvet.com. Your feedback helps us ensure the highest quality resources for pet owners and their companions.

Written by: Wintergreen Vet Services

March, 18, 2025