Rat Care Sheet
Overview
Rats are intelligent, social, and affectionate pets that can form strong bonds with their caretakers, making them a rewarding exotic companion for the right owner. While often considered more "beginner-friendly" than other exotic pets, it's important to understand that no animal is truly a beginner pet—rats have specific care needs that must be met to ensure their well-being. Common in the exotic pet trade, domesticated rats are often readily available through breeders and rescues. They require a spacious multi-level enclosure with proper ventilation, bedding that doesn’t irritate their respiratory system, and enrichment like hammocks, tunnels, and chew toys to support their mental and physical health. Rats are generally gentle, curious, and enjoy human interaction when properly socialized, though they are more active during dawn and dusk. While they can be handled regularly, they also need time to explore on their own. Prospective owners should be prepared for daily interaction and care.
Species averages:
Habitat Parameters
Housing recommendations
Rats need large, well-ventilated enclosures with multiple levels, ramps, and platforms to climb and explore. Wire cages with horizontal bars are preferred to support climbing behavior, but floors should be solid to prevent foot injuries (no bare wire mesh). Provide soft, absorbent bedding such as paper-based products. Avoid cedar or pine bedding, which can cause respiratory issues.
Cages should be cleaned thoroughly at least once weekly, with spot cleaning daily to reduce odor and bacteria. Include hideouts, hammocks, tunnels, and chew toys to enrich their environment.
Maintain a stable ambient temperature between 68–75°F. Avoid overheating, as rats are prone to heat stress. Rats do not require UVB lighting but benefit from a natural day-night light cycle.
Rats are social animals and should never be housed alone. Always adopt rats in same-sex pairs or small groups unless they are spayed/neutered and properly introduced.
Feeding
Rats are omnivores and require a diet consisting primarily of high-quality commercial lab blocks supplemented with fresh fruits, vegetables, and occasional protein. Avoid sugary, fatty, or processed foods.
Safe Foods
Supplementation
Most rats fed a high-quality commercial diet do not require supplements. However, some cases—such as during recovery, pregnancy, or in elderly rats—may benefit from targeted support.
Special considerations
Handling
Rats are generally easy to handle and enjoy human interaction, especially when gently socialized from a young age. Always support their body fully and avoid sudden grabs. Avoid lifting by the tail, as this can cause injury and distress.
Enrichment
Provide daily mental and physical stimulation. Rotate toys regularly, offer foraging activities, and consider clicker training or supervised free-roam time in a rat-proofed area. Rats enjoy solving puzzles, climbing, and cuddling in soft fabrics.
Socialization
Rats are highly social and require companionship. A single rat is at risk of loneliness and depression. Always adopt in pairs or groups of the same sex or with proper introductions and spay/neuter if mixed sexes.
Lifespan care
Rats are prone to age-related health issues including tumors and respiratory disease. With a short lifespan, routine vet visits and early intervention are essential for maximizing quality of life. Most rats begin showing signs of aging by 18–24 months.
Common Health Concerns in Rats
Below are some of the most common medical issues seen in pet rats. Early detection and veterinary care can greatly improve outcomes.
Respiratory Infections
Signs: Sneezing, nasal discharge, wheezing, noisy breathing
Causes: Mycoplasma, drafts, dusty bedding, stress
Mammary Tumors
Signs: Lumps along underside or chest, fast-growing masses
Causes: Genetic predisposition, hormonal factors
Skin Parasites
Signs: Intense scratching, scabs, thinning fur
Causes: Mites or lice, often contracted from contaminated environments
Malocclusion (Overgrown Teeth)
Signs: Drooling, weight loss, difficulty eating
Causes: Genetic, lack of chew materials
Obesity
Signs: Fat accumulation, difficulty moving, laboured breathing
Causes: High-fat/sugar diets, lack of exercise
These are all concerns we can help with via telemedicine. If you suspect your rat may be showing any of the signs above, book an appointment at swiftailvet.com for expert exotic pet care from the comfort of your home.
Disclaimer
At Swiftail Vet, we strive to provide accurate, up-to-date information based on current best practices in exotic pet care. However, husbandry standards can evolve quickly. If you notice any outdated or incorrect information on this care sheet, please let us know by emailing info@swiftailvet.com or using the contact form on our website at swiftailvet.com. Your feedback helps us ensure the highest quality resources for pet owners and their companions.
Written by: Wintergreen Vet Services
March, 18, 2025
